00:05 Introduction
01:42 Principle
04:11 Reagent Preparation
07:54 Enzyme Digestion: Method 1 - Analysing ~ 0.5 g of sample
09:21 Method 1 (A) – Addition of PAA + AMG solution
09:50 Method 1 (B) - Addition of PAA + AMG suspension
10:23 Enzyme Digestion: Method 2 - Analysing ~ 0.1 g of sample
11:34 Method 2 (A) – Addition of PAA + AMG solution
12:03 Method 2 (B) - Addition of PAA + AMG suspension
12:33 Preparation of Stopping Reagents
13:12 Determination of Digestible Starch
18:27 Determination of Resistant Starch
25:53 Calculations
Content: | 40 assays of each per kit |
Shipping Temperature: | Ambient |
Storage Temperature: |
Short term stability: 2-8oC, Long term stability: See individual component labels |
Stability: | > 2 years under recommended storage conditions |
Analyte: | Digestible Starch, Resistant Starch, Total Starch |
Assay Format: | Spectrophotometer |
Detection Method: | Absorbance |
Wavelength (nm): | 510 |
Signal Response: | Increase |
Linear Range: | 4 to 100 μg of D-glucose per assay |
Limit of Detection: | 3.1 g/100 g |
Reaction Time (min): | ~ 360 min |
Application examples: | Plant materials, starch samples and other materials. |
The Digestible and Resistant Starch Assay Kit (K-DSTRS) for the determination of digestible, resistant and total starch in starch samples, plant and other materials.
This method is based on the research of Englyst et al. (Ref) with some modifications. Digestion is performed using saturating levels of pancreatic α-amylase (PAA) and amyloglucosidase (AMG), but in stirred containers rather than shaken tubes, to simplify sample removal.
In line with Englyst definitions:
Rapidly digestible starch (RDS) is that starch which is digested within 20 min.
Slowly digestible starch (SDS) is that starch which is digested between 20 and 120 min.
A new term, ‘Total digestible starch (TDS)’ is introduced (and measured) to cover all starch that is digested within 4 h (the average time of residence of food in the human small intestine).
Resistant starch (RS) then, is that starch which is not digested within 4 h.
The incubation conditions parallel those used in AOAC Method 2017.16, a new, rapid integrated procedure for the measurement of total dietary fiber (Megazyme method K-RINTDF). This method is physiologically based and designed to fit the definition of DF announced by Codex Alimentarius in 2009.
See our full range of starch and dietary fiber assay kits.
Measurement of available carbohydrates, digestible, and resistant starch in food ingredients and products.
McCleary, B. V., McLoughlin, C., Charmier, L. M. J. & McGeough, P. (2019). Cereal Chemistry, 97(1), 114-137.
Background and objectives: The importance of selectively measuring available and unavailable carbohydrates in the human diet has been recognized for over 100 years. The levels of available carbohydrates in diets can be directly linked to major diseases of the Western world, namely Type II diabetes and obesity. Methodology for measurement of total carbohydrates by difference was introduced in the 1880s, and this forms the basis of carbohydrate determination in the United States. In the United Kingdom, a method to directly measure available carbohydrates was introduced in the 1920s to assist diabetic patients with food selection. The aim of the current work was to develop simple, specific, and reliable methods for available carbohydrates and digestible starch (and resistant starch). The major component of available carbohydrates in most foods is digestible starch. Findings: Simple methods for the measurement of rapidly digested starch, slowly digested starch, total digestible starch, resistant starch, and available carbohydrates have been developed, and the digestibility of phosphate cross‐linked starch has been studied in detail. The resistant starch procedure developed is an update of current procedures and incorporates incubation conditions with pancreatic α‐amylase (PAA) and amyloglucosidase (AMG) that parallel those used AOAC Method 2017.16 for total dietary fiber. Available carbohydrates are measured as glucose, fructose, and galactose, following complete and selective hydrolysis of digestible starch, maltodextrins, maltose, sucrose, and lactose to glucose, fructose, and galactose. Sucrose is hydrolyzed with a specific sucrase enzyme that has no action on fructo‐oligosaccharides (FOS). Conclusions: The currently described “available carbohydrates” method together with the total dietary fiber method (AOAC Method 2017.16) allows the measurement of all carbohydrates in food products, including digestible starch. Significance and novelty: This paper describes a simple and specific method for measurement of available carbohydrates in cereal, food, and feed products. This is the first method that provides the correct measurement of digestible starch and sucrose in the presence of FOS. Such methodology is essential for accurate labeling of food products, allowing consumers to make informed decisions in food selection.
Hide AbstractPreservation of bioactive compounds occurring in fresh pasta fortified with artichoke bracts and tomato powders obtained with a novel pre-treatment.
la Gatta, B., Rutigliano, M., Liberatore, M. T., Dilucia, F., Spadaccino, G., Quinto, M. & Di Luccia, A. (2023). LWT, 187, 115298.
Over the years, the need to recover agro-industrial by-products has become a global concern, due to their environmental and economic impact. In this work, two different powders obtained from artichoke bracts and tomato by an innovative, non-thermal, and non-invasive technology (patent nr. 001,426,984) were added to the formulation of fresh Tagliatelle pasta. The fate of bioactive compounds before and after the cooking process was analyzed following the total polyphenolic content and the antioxidant activity. The addition of vegetable powders led to an increase in the above-mentioned parameters (110.0 mg of Gallic Acid/100 g pasta and 36.4 μmol TEAC/100 g pasta for Artichoke-LP-Raw Pasta; 120.1 mg of Gallic Acid/100 g pasta and 55.3 μmol TEAC/100 g pasta for Tomato-LP-Raw Pasta), and a mutual protection between polyphenolic compounds and proteins was observed, minimizing the bioactive compounds degradation along cooking process. The volatile organic fraction and the rate of starch digestion with related predicted glycaemic index were also investigated in fortified Tagliatelle samples, showing differences among them, demonstrating that the type of vegetable added characterized the aroma of both raw and cooked pasta. This functional pasta has proved to retain an antioxidant activity higher than the one obtained with the addition of traditional dehydrated vegetables.
Hide AbstractEffect of retort processing, containers, and motion types on digestibility of black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) starch.
Bangar, S. P. & Whiteside, W. S. (2023). International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 59 (2), 916-924.
With the growing demand for convenient and shelf-stable canned beans, understanding the changes in starch digestibility due to retort processing is crucial for optimising nutritional quality and enhancing consumer health. The present study investigated the impact of retort processing, specifically container type and agitation, on the digestibility of black bean starch. Retort pouches exhibited a more rapid heat transfer rate to the enclosed product than cans, which reduced the overall processing duration. Also, the processing time to achieve a Fo = 6 of Clostridium botulinum was almost 2.5 min (pouches) and 3.2 min (cans) faster for the oscillating than the static mode. The in vitro digestibility data revealed that the retort processing of black beans led to an increase in rapidly digestible starch (RDS) from 10.51% to 32.11%. However, slowly digestible starch (SDS) decreased from 15.67% to 7.89%, and resistant starch (RS) decreased from 47.91% to 11.86%, regardless of the container type and motion involved. Processing enhanced starch digestibility in all the combinations of container and motions; nevertheless, black beans in pouches with oscillatory motion still contain a relatively significant amount of SDS and RS than the other combinations. These findings have important implications for the food industry in optimising processing techniques and packaging strategies to preserve the nutritional value of black beans. The findings of this study can have practical implications for food producers engaged in the retort processing of foods contained in pouches and cans. The investigation will provide insights into how the process of retort sterilisation affects digestibility, including slowly digestible starch and resistant starch of different types of starch.
Hide AbstractStarch-ascorbyl palmitate inclusion complex, a type 5 resistant starch, reduced in vitro digestibility and improved in vivo glycemic response in mice.
Guo, J., Ellis, A., Zhang, Y., Kong, L. & Tan, L. (2023). Carbohydrate Polymers, 321, 121289.
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has become a major public health concern worldwide. Slowly digested or indigestible carbohydrates such as resistant starch (RS) are associated with a low glycemic index (GI) and the decreased risk of developing T2D. Recently, starch inclusion complexes (ICs) have raised attention due to their thermally stable structure and high RS content. In this study, starch-ascorbyl palmitate (AP) ICs were produced using two different methods with hydrothermal treatments performed, and their in vitro digestion kinetics and in vivo glycemic response in C57BL/6J mice were investigated to determine their potential as a new type of RS, i.e., RS5. After treatments of annealing followed by acid hydrolysis (ANN-ACH), IC samples produced by both methods retained V-type crystalline structure. Either in their raw or treated conditions, V6h-AP ICs prepared using the “empty” V-type method exhibited a more favorable hydrolysis pattern as compared to its counterpart produced by the DMSO method in terms of a lower hydrolysis rate and equilibrium concentration (C∞) (p < 0.05). From the in vitro results, the ANN-ACH treated V6h-AP IC exhibited an estimated GI (eGI) value of 54.83, falling within the range of low GI foods and was the lowest among all tested samples (p < 0.05). Consistent with the in vitro digestion kinetics, the in vivo results showed that mice fed with ANN-ACH V6h-AP IC exhibited a modest glycemic response as evidenced by the lowest increase in postprandial blood glucose and AUC blood glucose (p < 0.05). In addition, the in vivo GI of the ANN-ACH V6h-AP IC (39.53) was the lowest among all the sample treatments and was even lower than that of the RS2 comparison (56, p < 0.05), indicating its more pronounced effect in modulating the postprandial glycemic response in mice and great potential as a new RS5.
Hide AbstractThe combined effect of oil-in-water emulsion soaking and modified pressure parboiling on starch digestibility of whole rice grains.
Sahoo, B., Mohan, A. & Anupam, R. (2023). LWT, 184, 114953.
The present work explores the enhancement strategy of resistant starch (RS) and slowly digestible starch (SDS) content in whole rice through oil-in-water emulsion (OIWE) soaking following modified pressure parboiling forming RS5 or lipid-amylose complex and RS3 or B-type crystals. Paddy was soaked for 8 h at 65°C in OIWE prepared from 5 ml oil (coconut, sunflower, palm, and soybean oil) in 100 ml OIWE and emulsifier (Tween-20 or soy lecithin) through sonication. Soaked paddy was pressure parboiled (PP) and further treated with subsequent modified pressure-parboiling steps, i.e., pressure-parboiling-steam-refrigeration (PPR), pressure parboiling-refrigeration-microwave (PPRM), and pressure-parboiling-refrigeration-microwave-refrigeration (PPRMR). A stepwise increment in RS (significant) and SDS content was observed in all water-soaked samples than in the raw sample when exposed to PP and each step of modified pressure parboiling. All OIWE-soaked samples with different treatments showed an escalation in RS and SDS content than raw and water-soaked samples. Among all samples, the coconut oil-in-water emulsion (COIWE) soaked PPRMR treated sample (oil: Tween 20 and oil: soy lecithin = 1:1, average droplet sizes of 190.9 and 274.5 nm and ζ-potentials of −18.6 and −39.5 mV, respectively) exhibited the highest enhancement in RS level (12.93 ± 0.41 g/100 g and 10.75 ± 0.32 g/100 g for Tween-20 and soy lecithin stabilized COIWE).
Hide AbstractThe Impact of Different Types of Rice and Cooking on Postprandial Glycemic Trends in Children with Type 1 Diabetes with or without Celiac Disease.
Colasanto, A., Savastio, S., Pozzi, E., Gorla, C., Coïsson, J. D., Arlorio, M. & Rabbone, I. (2023). Nutrients, 15(7), 1654.
The aims of this study were to evaluate: (i) the chemical and nutritional composition of rice before and after cooking and (ii) postprandial glycemic impacts in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) after eating two different types of rice (“Gigante Vercelli” white rice and “Artemide” black rice) or white rice cooked “risotto” style or boiled using an advanced hybrid closed loop (AHCL) system (Tandem Control-IQTM). General composition and spectrophotometric analyses of raw and cooked rice were performed. Eight T1D subjects (four males and four females, aged 11 ± 1.4 years), two with celiac disease (CD), using an AHCL system were enrolled. “Gigante Vercelli” white rice cooked as risotto or boiled and boiled “Artemide” rice were prepared by the same cook on two evenings. Continuous glucose monitoring metrics were evaluated for 12 h after meal consumption. Total dietary fiber was higher for both rice types after cooking compared with raw rice. Cooking as risotto increased polyphenols and antioxidants (p < 0.05) in both rice varieties, and total starch decreased after boiling (p < 0.05) in white rice. There was a significant peak in glycemia after consuming risotto and boiled white rice (p < 0.05), while the mean glycemic peak remained <180 mg/dL in individuals eating boiled Artemide rice. There were no significant differences in automatic basal or auto-bolus insulin deliveries by the AHCL according to different types of rice or cooking method. Our findings suggest that glycemic trends are impacted by the different chemical and nutritional profiles of rice but are nevertheless well controlled by AHCL systems.
Hide AbstractStudy of Physico-Chemical Properties of Dough and Wood Oven-Baked Pizza Base: The Effect of Leavening Time.
Covino, C., Sorrentino, A., Di Pierro, P. & Masi, P. (2023). Foods, 12(7), 1407.
The research objective was to investigate the morpho-rheological, chemical, and structural changes of dough and Neapolitan pizza TSG as the leavening time varies and to evaluate their effects on the digestibility of starch and on the formation of acrylamide during baking. Pizza dough leavening was monitored for 48 h at 22 °C/80% RH, and the analyses were conducted at selected leavening times (0, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h). It was observed that in 30 h the volume tripled and the viscoelastic dough relaxed in the first 4 h, as evidenced by the lower value of the relaxation percentage “a” and the higher rate of decay “b”, associated with a high value of the compression work, indicating the presence of a very strong gluten mesh. In the following hours, the dough lost elasticity, and in fact, the G’ modulus decreased due to the weakening of the weak interactions between the gluten proteins and the starch. This suggests that a long leavening improved the extensibility of the pizza disc, facilitating the action of the pizza maker. Thermal (TGA and DSC) and morphological (SEM) analyses evidenced the highest water removal rate from the dough, a wider starch gelatinization temperature range, a ∆H of 0.975 ± 0.013 J/g, and a more open and weak gluten structure in dough balls leavened for 16 h. As the leavening time increased, both dough and pizza base samples showed an increase in reducing sugars and free amino groups, while the rapidly digestible starch decreased in the dough following the metabolism of the yeasts and increased in the pizza base due to the starch gelatinization that occurs during baking, which makes it much more susceptible to α-amylase. Finally, the levels of acrylamide remained at the same values despite the higher availability of reducing sugars and its precursors during leavening.
Hide AbstractEffect of adding vegetable oils to starches from different botanical origins on physicochemical and digestive properties and amylose-lipid complex formation.
Photinam, R. & Moongngarm, A. (2022). Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56, 1-11.
Coconut oil, rice bran oil and sunflower oil were added to rice, corn, banana and mung bean starches and the effect on physicochemical properties, amylose-lipid formation and digestive properties were investigated. Starch samples were heated while oil was added and starch treated without oil addition served as the control. Starches with different botanical origins complexed diversely with vegetable oils. The RDS content in corn and rice starches with oil addition decreased, while SDS and RS fractions increased. By contrast, the RS content of treated banana and mung bean starches decreased compared with native starch but RS and SDS contents increased when oil was added compared with the control sample. The A-type crystalline polymorph of corn and rice starches changed to a mixed A + V form, whereas native mung bean (C(A)-type) changed to B-pattern and banana starch remained unchanged (B-type). FTIR spectra indicated new peaks corresponding to starch-lipid complexes. Starches added with oils and the control showed lower peak viscosity, trough viscosity final viscosity and setback but higher pasting temperature and delayed pasting time compared to native starch. Heat-moisture treatment with added vegetable oil showed promise as a process to prepare functional starch high in SDS and RS.
Hide AbstractMorphological and physicochemical changes in the cassava (Manihot esculenta) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batata) starch modified by pyrodextrinization.
Reyes-Lopez, Z., Betancur-Ancona, D., Ble-Catillo, J. L., Juarez-Rojop, I. E., Ávila-Fernandez, A., Hernadez-Hernadez, M., et al.. (2022). Food Science and Technology, 43.
In recent years, resistant starch (RS) and slowly digestible starch (SDS) have been linked to the prevention of chronic noncommunicable diseases, such as obesity and its complications. Southern Mexico has an important role in the tuber crop production of M. esculenta and I. batatas, which contain considerable amounts of starch. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological and physicochemical changes of M. esculenta and I. batatas after pyrodextrinization, including the production of RS and SDS. The factors used in this study were the starch/acid ratio (2.2 HCl) (80:1 and 160:1 p/v); temperature (90°C and 110°C) and reaction time (1 and 3 h). The highest production of RS in M. esculenta was obtained with the highest starch/acid ratio and temperature, and the lowest reaction time. For pyrodextrins, loss of crystallinity and an increase in swelling power and water absorption capacity were observed. The highest production of RS in I. batatas was obtained with the highest starch/acid ratio and reaction time, and the lowest temperature. Crystallinity and enthalpy of gelatinization decreased in modified starches. The solubility, swelling power and water absorption capacity increased in both sources.
Hide AbstractInvestigating starch and protein structure alterations of the processed lentil by microwave-assisted infrared thermal treatment and their correlation with the modified properties.
Heydari, M. M., Najib, T. & Meda, V. (2022). Food Chemistry Advances, 1, 100091.
Microwave-assisted infrared is an emerging green technology that can be used in the thermal processing of lentils to modify their functional and nutritional properties as high-value plant-based protein ingredients. The study employed this technology to heat lentil seeds tempered to three higher moisture contents to produce modified flours. The influence of thermal process conditions on the starch structure was evaluated by reducing the degree of order through gelatinization, and the protein structure was assessed through denaturation, which led to the decline in the ordered structure of protein, β-band and α-helix, and the rise in the aggregated intermolecular structure, β-I, and unordered structure, random coil. Results showed that seeds tempered to the highest moisture content, 50%, and processed in higher thermal intensities, by the rise in microwave power and infrared combinations, experienced a higher degree of starch gelatinization and protein denaturation, improving the water holding capacity while reducing protein solubility. Particle size distributions and scanning electron microscopy analyses illustrated that thermal treatment eased the milling process in breaking down coarse particles. The modification process was also an effective way to improve nutritional properties by increasing in vitro starch and protein digestibility.
Hide AbstractResistant Starch Consumption Effects on Glycemic Control and Glycemic Variability in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Study.
Arias-Córdova, Y., Ble-Castillo, J. L., García-Vázquez, C., Olvera-Hernández, V., Ramos-García, M., Navarrete-Cortes, A., Jiménez-Domínguez, G., Juárez-Rojop, I. E., Tovilla-Zárate, C. A., Martínez-López, M. C. & Méndez, J. D. (2021). Nutrients, 13(11), 4052.
We previously observed beneficial effects of native banana starch (NBS) with a high resistant starch (RS) content on glycemic response in lean and obese participants. Here, we aimed to determine the effects of NBS and high-amylose maize starch (HMS) on glycemic control (GC) and glycemic variability (GV) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) when treatments were matched for digestible starch content. In a randomized, crossover study, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was performed in 17 participants (aged 28-65 years, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, both genders) consuming HMS, NBS, or digestible maize starch (DMS) for 4 days. HMS and NBS induced an increase in 24 h mean blood glucose during days 2 to 4 (p < 0.05). CONGA, GRADE, and J-index values were higher in HMS compared with DMS only at day 4 (p < 0.05). Yet, NBS intake provoked a reduction in fasting glycemia changes from baseline compared with DMS (p = 0.0074). In conclusion, under the experimental conditions, RS from two sources did not improve GC or GV. Future longer studies are needed to determine whether these findings were affected by a different baseline microbiota or other environmental factors.
Hide AbstractPhysicochemical and functional aspects of composite wheat-roasted chickpea flours in relation to dough rheology, bread quality and staling phenomena.
Kotsiou, K., Sacharidis, D. D., Matsakidou, A., Biliaderis, C. G. & Lazaridou, A. (2021). Food Hydrocolloids, 124, 107322.
Wheat flour was substituted by flour from roasted chickpeas at 10-20% (flour basis) and a multi-instrumental analytical approach was employed to explore the dough rheological behavior of the composite starch-proteins hydrated networks, the quality attributes of the resultant breads, as well as the staling process. Fortifications with roasted chickpea flour at 15 and 20% level significantly increased dough viscosity and elasticity as showed by oscillatory and creep-recovery rheological tests, implying higher dough resistance to flow and deformation that resulted in breads with significantly lower specific volumes and harder crumb than the control (bread without chickpea flour). Moreover, at 20% substitution level, the staling kinetics of composite breads, as monitored by texture profile analysis, indicated a greater extent of crumb hardening at the end of storage, whereas the level of retrograded amylopectin in the crumb as assessed by calorimetry (DSC) did not differ among samples. Nevertheless, for bread with 20% chickpea flour, FTIR spectroscopy revealed a large increase in protein β-sheets and a further increment of such conformational change in the stored crumb, suggesting dehydration of gluten and its involvement in the staling process. Instead, formulations with 10% roasted chickpea flour did not exhibit any major influence on dough rheological behavior, as well as on textural attributes and bread staling. Furthermore, at 10% substitution of wheat flour by roasted chickpea flour, there was complete masking of the “grass-like” and reduced “beany" and "earthy” off-flavor notes in breads, as assessed by a trained panel, pointing to a product with high overall acceptability.
Hide AbstractExtrusion processing modifications of a dog kibble at large scale alter levels of starch available to animal enzymatic digestion.
Corsato Alvarenga, I., Keller, L. C., Waldy, C. & Aldrich, C. G. (2021). Foods, 10(11), 2526.
The objective of the present work was to produce dog foods from a single recipe at three levels of resistant starch (RS). The low (LS), medium (MS), and high shear (HS) foods were produced on a single-screw extruder at target screw speeds of 250, 375 and 460 rpm, respectively, and with increasing in-barrel moisture as shear decreased. Post-production, kibble measurements and starch analyses were conducted. Kibble parameters were compared by ANOVA with significance noted at p < 0.05 with a single degree of freedom orthogonal contrasts for extrusion outputs, starch analyses, and viscosity (RVA). The MS and LS kibbles exiting the extruder were denser and less expanded (p < 0.05) than the HS treatment. Resistant starch, starch cook, and raw:cooked starch RVA AUC increased linearly as shear decreased. These results confirmed that lower mechanical energy processes led to decreased starch gelatinization and greater retention of in vitro RS.
Hide AbstractParkinson’s disease patients’ short chain fatty acids production capacity after in vitro fecal fiber fermentation.
Baert, F., Matthys, C., Maselyne, J., Van Poucke, C., Van Coillie, E., Bergmans, B. & Vlaemynck, G. (2021). npj Parkinson's Disease, 7(1), 1-14.
Animal models indicate that butyrate might reduce motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Some dietary fibers are butyrogenic, but in Parkinson’s disease patients their butyrate stimulating capacity is unknown. Therefore, we investigated different fiber supplements’ effects on short-chain fatty acid production, along with potential underlying mechanisms, in Parkinson’s patients and age-matched healthy controls. Finally, it was investigated if this butyrate production could be confirmed by using fiber-rich vegetables. Different fibers (n = 40) were evaluated by in vitro fermentation experiments with fecal samples of Parkinson’s patients (n = 24) and age-matched healthy volunteers (n = 39). Short-chain fatty acid production was analyzed by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Clostridium coccoides and C. leptum were quantified through 16S-rRNA gene-targeted group-specific qPCR. Factors influencing short-chain fatty acid production were investigated using linear mixed models. After fiber fermentation, butyrate concentration varied between 25.6 ± 16.5 µmol/g and 203.8 ± 91.9 µmol/g for Parkinson’s patients and between 52.7 ± 13.0 µmol/g and 229.5 ± 42.8 µmol/g for controls. Inulin had the largest effect, while xanthan gum had the lowest production. Similar to fiber supplements, inulin-rich vegetables, but also fungal β-glucans, stimulated butyrate production most of all vegetable fibers. Parkinson’s disease diagnosis limited short-chain fatty acid production and was negatively associated with butyrate producers. Butyrate kinetics during 48 h fermentation demonstrated a time lag effect in Parkinson’s patients, especially in fructo-oligosaccharide fermentation. Butyrate production can be stimulated in Parkinson’s patients, however, remains reduced compared to healthy controls. This is a first step in investigating dietary fiber’s potential to increase short-chain fatty acids in Parkinson’s disease.
Hide AbstractInhibition of in vitro starch digestion by ascorbyl palmitate and its inclusion complex with starch.
Guo, J. & Kong, L. (2021). Food Hydrocolloids, 121, 107032.
Since starch is the major energy source of the human diet, retarding starch digestion could serve as an effective way for modulating glycemic response and for the prevention and treatment of obesity. In this study, a dietary bioactive compound, ascorbyl palmitate (AP), was evaluated as a potential inhibitor in the digestion of raw, cooked, and retrograded high amylose maize starch (HAMS) and potato starch (PS). The inhibitory effect of AP was compared with that of palmitic acid (PA), without the ascorbyl group. In addition, HAMS inclusion complexes with AP and PA were formed and treated by annealing (ANN), acid hydrolysis (ACH), and the combination of both. Upon the addition of AP, the resistant starch (RS) contents in raw, cooked, and retrograded starches were increased significantly, indicating the inhibitory effect of AP against starch digestion. Although both HAMS-AP and HAMS-PA inclusion complexes exhibited minimal RS contents, all the hydrothermal treatments enhanced the RS contents in both inclusion complexes, marking their potential to serve as a new type of RS, i.e., RS5. Among the treatments, ANN followed by ACH (ANN-ACH) was most effective to retard starch digestion by increasing RS contents. The study findings could have practical implications in designing functional starch-based ingredients and increasing their nutritional value.
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