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Protease Subtilisin A (from Bacillus licheniformis) Powder

Product code: E-BSPRPD
€227.00

1 gram, powder

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Content: 1 gram, powder
Shipping Temperature: Ambient
Storage Temperature: Below -10oC
Formulation: In powder form
Physical Form: Powder
Stability: > 1 year under recommended storage conditions
Enzyme Activity: Protease
EC Number: 3.4.21.62
CAS Number: 9014-01-1
Synonyms: subtilisin; subtilisin A
Source: Bacillus licheniformis
Molecular Weight: 30,250
Expression: Purified from Bacillus licheniformis
Specificity: Hydrolysis of proteins with broad specificity for peptide bonds, and a preference for a large uncharged residue in P1. Hydrolyses peptide amides.
Specific Activity: > 8 U/mg of protein (40oC, pH 8.0 on casein)
Unit Definition: One Unit will hydrolyse casein to produce colour equivalent to one μmole (181 µg) of tyrosine per minute at pH 7.0 at 40oC (colour by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent). 
Temperature Optima: 60oC
pH Optima: 7
Application examples: This enzyme is recommended for use in the Megazyme Total Dietary Fiber test method and AOAC INTERNATIONAL Total Dietary Fiber analytical procedures.

High purity Protease (Subtilisin A from Bacillus licheniformis) (Powder) for use in research, biochemical enzyme assays and in vitro diagnostic analysis.

For use in Megazyme Total Dietary Fiber test method.

See analytical enzymes for our other enzyme products.

Documents
Certificate of Analysis
Safety Data Sheet
Data Sheet
Publications
Publication

Potential Antitumor Effect of Functional Yogurts Formulated with Prebiotics from Cereals and a Consortium of Probiotic Bacteria.

Ciric, A., Radu, N., Zaharie, M. G. O., Neagu, G., Pirvu, L. C., Begea, M. & Stefaniu, A. (2023). Foods, 12(6), 1250.

Various types of functional yogurts were obtained from normalized milk (with normalized lipid content) and a standardized probiotic consortium of probiotic bacteria named ABY3. All the types of yogurts obtained contained prebiotics from black or red rice; malt of barley, rye, wheat; or wheat bran. The physico-chemical analyses of all the functionalized products obtained showed that all of them met the quality standard for yogurt products. However, the sensorial analyses showed that the products obtained from black and red rice were of very good quality. The biological analyses indicated that all the types of products contained live probiotic bacteria, but wheat bran and red rice could increase their numbers. Tests performed on tumor cell line Caco-2 with corresponding postbiotics revealed cytotoxicity greater than 30% after 48 h of exposure in the case of yogurts obtained from milk with 0.8% lipid content and red rice or blond malt of barley. In the case of yogurts derived from milk with 2.5% lipid content, only the variants that contained blond malt of rye or wheat became cytotoxic against the Caco-2 cell line.

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Publication

Extrusion processing of pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace: Impact on dietary fiber profile and bioactive compounds.

Schmid, V., Steck, J., Mayer-Miebach, E., Behsnilian, D., Bunzel, M., Karbstein, H. P. & Emin, M. A. (2021). Foods, 10(3), 518.

The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145-222 Whkg−1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123-155°C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. DF structural analysis revealed extrusion-based changes in the portions of pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) in the soluble and insoluble DF fractions. Contents of thermolabile anthocyanins decrease linearly with SME and temperature from 1.80 ± 0.09 g/100 g dm in CPP to 0.24 ± 0.06 g/100 g dm (222 Whkg−1, 155°C), but phenolic acids and flavonoids appear to be largely unaffected. Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP.

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Publication

Impact of defined thermomechanical treatment on the structure and content of dietary fiber and the stability and bioaccessibility of polyphenols of chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace.

Schmid, V., Steck, J., Mayer-Miebach, E., Behsnilian, D., Briviba, K., Bunzel, M., Karbstein, H. P. & Emin, M. A. (2020). Food Research International, 134, 109232.

Dietary fiber is a potential replacement for other ingredients such as starch in reformulated extruded breakfast cereals. Analysis of chokeberry pomace powder revealed a total dietary fiber content of 57.8 ± 2 g/100 g with 76% being insoluble, 20% high molecular soluble and 4% low molecular soluble dietary fiber. The fiber polysaccharide composition was analyzed in detail by using a variety of analytical approaches. Extrusion-like processing conditions were studies in a Closed Cavity Rheometer enabling the application of defined thermal (temperature range 100-160°C) and mechanical treatments (shear rates between 0.1 s−1 and 50 s−1) to chokeberry pomace powder. Application of temperatures up to 140°C irrespective of the mechanical treatment does not remarkably alter dietary fiber structure or content, but reduces the initial content of total polyphenols by about 40% to a final content of 3.3 ± 0.5 g/100 g including 0.63 ± 0.1 g/100 g of anthocyanins, 0.18 ± 0.02 g/100 g of phenolic acids and 0.090 ± 0.007 g/100 g of flavonols, respectively. The retained polyphenols are fully bioaccessible after in vitro digestion, and antioxidant capacity remains unchanged as compared to the untreated pomace powder. Glucose bioaccessibility remains unaffected, whereas glucose content is reduced. It is concluded that chokeberry pomace powder is a good source of dietary fiber with the potential to partially substitute starch in extruded breakfast cereals.

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Publication
Evaluating folate extraction from infant milk formulae and adult nutritionals: Enzymatic digestion versus enzyme-free heat treatment.

Chandra-Hioe, M. V., Bucknall, M. P. & Arcot, J. (2017). Food Chemistry, 234, 365-371.

This study compares enzymatic treatments to release folic acid (FA) and endogenous 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) from infant milk formulae with enzyme-free heat extraction. The limits of detection and quantitation of FA were 1.4 ng/mL and 3.1 ng/mL, respectively; 7.5 ng/mL and 16.2 ng/mL for 5-MTHF. Absolute mean recoveries were 85% (FA) and 95% (5-MTHF). The RSD of the within-run variability was 6% and the inter-day variability was 8%. Averaged measurements of FA and 5-MTHF in SRM-1849a were within the certified value range. Analysed folate levels in three brands were greater than label values, because of inherently high 5-MTHF occurring in samples. The results indicate that enzyme-free heat treatment prior to UPLC–MS/MS analysis gives better sensitivity and reduces chromatographic interferences for the determination of FA and 5-MTHF in milk formulae than enzymatic treatments. Enzyme-free heat treatment is more compatible with UPLC–MS/MS than folate extraction techniques involving the addition of enzymes to milk.

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Publication
Investigation of folic acid stability in fortified instant Asian noodles by use of capillary electrophoresis.

Cheung, R. H. F., Hughes, J. G., Marriott, P. J. & Small, D. M. (2009). Food Chemistry, 112(2), 507-514.

A simple, rapid procedure, using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), that can efficiently measure added folic acid in fortified instant fried noodles has been developed and validated. Optimum separation of folic acid was obtained on a 72 cm × 75 µm capillary using 8 mM phosphate-12 mM borate run buffer with 5% MeOH at pH 9.5, temperature of 30°C and voltage of 28 kV. The extracts were introduced into the capillary via electrokinetic injection and the folic acid monitored at 214 nm. For quantification purposes, nicotinic acid was added as internal standard to all samples. Under these conditions the analysis required approximately 12 min. Good results were obtained for different analytical parameters including linearity, accuracy and precision. The limit of detection was calculated to be 5.3 mg/L. Prior to CZE determination, noodle samples were homogenized in the buffer solution for 1 h followed by treatment with α-amylase solution for 1 h at 65°C or protease solution for 4 h at 37°C. The enzyme solution was added at a concentration of 25 mg/L and then adjusted to pH 7.0. Using standard addition to eliminate the effect of sample matrix interference, results showed that a higher and more efficient recovery of added folic acid could be obtained when using α-amylase. During the four main stages of instant fried noodle manufacturing (dough crumbs, cut sheets, steaming and frying) folic acid was found to be stable with recoveries of 96–103%.

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Publication
Folates in Asian noodles: II. A comparison of commercial samples and the impact of cooking.

Bui, L. T. T. & Small, D. M. (2007). Journal of Food Science, 72(5), C283-C287.

The folate contents of 26 commercial noodle samples were investigated. The impact of ingredients, pH, and cooking on folate content was studied for the 3 predominant styles of noodles: white salted, yellow alkaline, and instant. Some variability was found in the proportion of folate present in the free form and the noodles generally had low total folate contents. The pH values of the samples covered a wide range, varying from 3.7 to 10.3; however, the results did not provide strong evidence for a relationship between pH and folate content for any of the noodle styles studied. Higher folate levels were typically found in yellow alkaline samples compared to white salted and instant noodles. The storage of noodles in dry or moist forms did not appear to influence total folate contents, and subsequent losses during cooking depended upon the time of exposure to elevated temperatures. The enzymatic treatment of samples was particularly important for cooked noodles, indicating that folates were bound or entrapped during this process.

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Publication
Determination of folate contents in some Australian vegetables.

Iwatani, Y., Arcot, J. & Shrestha, A. K. (2003). Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 16(1), 37-48.

The undeconjugated and total folate contents of 22 vegetables commonly available in Australia were assayed with Lactobacillus casei after preliminary digestion with chicken pancreas. The effect of conjugate type and extraction technique on the total folate content of two of the vegetables was also investigated. In two test samples, spinach and Chinese broccoli, deconjugation with chicken pancreas gave slightly higher, but statistically not different (P<0.05), folate values compared to human plasma. Tri-enzyme extraction gave lower folate value compared to single-enzyme extraction, the result was significant (P<0.05) only in Chinese broccoli. Single-enzyme extraction using chicken pancreas was therefore used for extraction of folate in all vegetables. The range of undeconjugated and total folate in vegetables was 27–322 and 68–425 µg total folate/100 g (wet weight), respectively. The average undeconjugated to total folate ratio in 22 vegetables was 0.60, ranging from 0.19 to 0.89. Chinese flowering cabbage contained the highest level of total folate at 425 µg /100 g. Among the rest of the 21 vegetables, four vegetables contained more than 300 μg, five contained 200–300 µg, 10 contained 100–200 µg, and two contained less than 100 µg folate/100 g.

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Safety Information
Symbol : GHS05, GHS07, GHS08
Signal Word : Danger
Hazard Statements : H315, H318, H334, H335
Precautionary Statements : P261, P264, P271, P280, P284, P302+P352
Safety Data Sheet
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