endo-Inulinase (Aspergillus niger)

Reference code: E-ENDOIAN

500 Units at 40oC

This product has been discontinued

Content: 500 Units at 40oC
Shipping Temperature: Ambient
Storage Temperature: 2-8oC
Formulation: In 3.2 M ammonium sulphate
Physical Form: Suspension
Stability: > 4 years at 4oC
Enzyme Activity: endo-Inulinase
EC Number: 3.2.1.7
CAZy Family: GH32
CAS Number: 9025-67-6
Synonyms: inulinase; 1-beta-D-fructan fructanohydrolase
Source: Aspergillus niger
Molecular Weight: 56,800
Concentration: Supplied at ~ 300 U/mL
Expression: Recombinant from Aspergillus niger
Specificity: endo-acting hydrolysis of (2,1)-β-D-fructosidic linkages in inulin.
Specific Activity: ~ 240 U/mg (40oC, pH 4.5 on inulin); 
~ 440 U/mg (60oC, pH 4.5 on inulin)
Unit Definition: One Unit of endo-inulinase activity is defined as the amount of enzyme required to release one µmole of β-D-fructose reducing-sugar equivalents per minute from inulin (20 mg/mL) in sodium acetate buffer (100 mM), pH 4.5.
Temperature Optima: 60oC
pH Optima: 4.5
Application examples: Applications established in food industry for fructose syrup production and in the diagnostics industry for the measurement of fructans and inulins.

This product has been discontinued (read more).

High purity recombinant endo-Inulinase (Aspergillus niger) for use in research, biochemical enzyme assays and in vitro diagnostic analysis.

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Documents
Certificate of Analysis
Safety Data Sheet
Data Sheet
Publications
Megazyme publication

Measurement of total fructan in foods by enzymatic/spectrophotometric method: Collaborative study.

McCleary, B. V., Murphy, A. & Mugford, D. C. (2000). Journal of AOAC International, 83(2), 356-364.

An AOAC collaborative study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of an enzyme assay kit procedure for measuring oligofructans and fructan polysaccharide (inulins) in mixed materials and food products. The sample is extracted with hot water, and an aliquot is treated with a mixture of sucrase (a specific sucrose-degrading enzyme), α-amylase, pullulanase, and maltase to hydrolyze sucrose to glucose and fructose, and starch to glucose. These reducing sugars are then reduced to sugar alcohols by treatment with alkaline borohydride solution. The solution is neutralized, and excess borohydride is removed with dilute acetic acid. The fructan is hydrolyzed to fructose and glucose using a mixture of purified exo- and endo-inulinanases (fructanase mixture). The reducing sugars produced (fructose and glucose) are measured with a spectrophotometer after reaction with para-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide. The samples analyzed included pure fructan, chocolate, low-fat spread, milk powder, vitamin tablets, onion powder, Jerusalem artichoke flour, wheat stalks, and a sucrose/cellulose control flour. Repeatability relative standard deviations ranged from 2.3 to 7.3%; reproducibility relative standard deviations ranged from 5.0 to 10.8%.

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Megazyme publication

Measurement of inulin and oligofructan.

McCleary, B. V. & Blakeney, A. B. (1999). Cereal Foods World, 44, 398-406.

Fructans are defined as any compound in which one or more fructosyl-fructose linkages constitute a majority of the linkages (1). This refers to polymeric material as well as to oligomers as small as disaccharide inulobiose. Fructans are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. They are present in monocotyledons, dicotyledons, and green algae. Fructans differ in molecular structure and in molecular weight. They may be classified into three main types, the inulin type, the levan (previously called phlein) type, and the graminan type (2). The inulin group consists of material that has mostly of exclusively the (2-1) fructosly-fructose linkage. Levan is material that contains mostly or exclusively the (2-6) fructosyl-fructose linkage. The graminan (or branched) type has both (2-1) and (2-6) fructosly-fructose linkages in significant amounts (e.g. graminan from Gramineae). The distribution of fructans in nature, and the production of fructooligosaccharides, such as neosugar, using fructosyltransferase, has been reviewed in a monograph (3). In the context of this article and the analytical procedure described, the term fructan relates only to inulin and graminan. The current analytical procedure has not been evaluated on levan.

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Megazyme publication

Measurement of inulin and inulin-degrading enzymes.

McCleary, B. V. (1998). “Proceedings of the Seventh Seminar on Inulin”, (A. Fuchs and A. Van Laere, Eds.), European Fructan Association, pp. 36-45.

A non-instrumental method for the measurement of fructan is described. The method simplifies fructan analysis, is easy to perform, uses standard laboratory equipment, and is accurate, reproducible and specific. The procedure employs highly purified and specific enzymes to hydrolyse sucrose, starch and fructans (inulins and graminan).

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Megazyme publication

Fructans - Analytical approaches to a fibre that ferments.

Blakeney, A. B., McCleary, B. V. & Mugford, D. C. (1997). Chemistry in Australia, 17-19.

Fructans are defined as any compound where one or more fructosyl-fructose linkages constitute a majority of the linkages. This refers to polymeric material as well as oligomers as small as the diasaccharide inulobiose. Material included in this definition may or may not contain attached glucose. The terms oligomer and polymer are used by fructan researchers to distinguish between materials that can be specifically characterised and those that can not. Fructans are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. They are present in monocotyledons, dicotyledons and in green algae.

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Publication

Energy-Saving LED Light Affects the Efficiency of the Photosynthetic Apparatus and Carbohydrate Content in Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hook. f. Axillary Shoots Multiplied In Vitro.

Cioć, M., Tokarz, K., Dziurka, M. & Pawłowska, B. (2021). Biology, 10(10), 1035.

Gerbera is one of the most important ornamental plants on the cut flower market. The basic reproduction methods of numerous cultivars of this species are in vitro techniques. In in vitro cultures, all plant growth conditions are controlled, including the light (intensity, quality, and duration). In tissue cultures, light quality is the most important factor that influences plant morphogenesis (growth and development). Light emitting diodes (LEDs), in contrast to the commonly used fluorescent lamps, allow for adjusting the light quality to the specific requirements of plants. LEDs are also energy-efficient and contain no harmful substances (e.g., mercury). The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of different light qualities emitted by LEDs during in vitro multiplication of Gerbera on its metabolic and physiological development. We compared endogenous carbohydrate content in the tissues and the condition of the photosynthetic apparatus in plants grown under fluorescent lamps and LED light. The study showed that the use of LEDs did not disturb the secondary metabolism of carbohydrates and the multiplied shoots were of high quality. The mixture of red and blue LED light in a 7:3 proportion is recommended for gerbera micropropagation. This light quality positively influenced the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus.

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Publication

Chemical characterization of fructooligosaccharides, inulin and structurally diverse polysaccharides from chamomile tea.

Chaves, P. F. P., Iacomini, M. & Cordeiro, L. M. (2019). Carbohydrate Polymers, 214, 269-275.

Chamomile is one of most known species of medicinal plants. It has valuable pharmacological properties that produce positive effects in many therapeutical uses. Some of these properties are attributed to the presence of secondary metabolites but is already known that primary metabolites can also produce positive effects. In this study we elucidate the fine chemical structure of polysaccharides present in the infusion of chamomile flower chapters. After ethanolic precipitation, polysaccharides were obtained from the tea (fraction MRW, 3.2% yield), purified and characterized as an inulin type fructan, a highly methyl esterified and acetylated homogalacturonan (DE = 87% and DA = 19%), and a type II arabinogalactan. From ethanolic supernatant (20.2% yield), fructooligosaccharides (FOS) ranging from GF2 (m/z 543) to GF10 (m/z 1839) were detected. Inulin and FOS are well-established prebiotics, as well as the pectic polysaccharides. Thus, chamomile could be a source of structurally diverse dietary fibers with potential prebiotic, gastrointestinal and immunological functions.

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Publication
Characterization and quantification of oligosaccharides in human milk and infant formula.

Nijman, R., Liu, Y., Bunyatratchata, A., Smilowitz, J. T., Stahl, B. & Barile, D. (2018). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66(26), 6851–6859.

Oligosaccharides are known to affect the health of infants. The analysis of these complex molecules in (human) milk samples requires state-of-the-art techniques. This study analyzed the composition and concentration of oligosaccharides in early (day 3) and mature (day 42) human milk as well as in five different infant formula brands. The oligosaccharide content decreased in human milk from 9.15 ± 0.25 g/L at day 3 to 6.38 ± 0.29 g/L at day 42 of lactation. All formulas resulted to be fortified with galacto-oligosaccharides, with one also fortified with polydextrose and another with long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides. About 130 unique oligosaccharide structures were identified in the human milk samples, whereas infant formula contained less diversity of structures. The comparisons indicated that composition and abundance of oligosaccharides unique to human milk are not yet reproduced in infant formulas. The analytical workflow developed is suitable for the determination of prebiotic oligosaccharides in foods that contain diverse carbohydrate structures.

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Publication
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Agavins to Generate Branched Fructooligosaccharides (a-FOS).

Huazano-García, A. & López, M. G. (2017). Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 1-10.

Recently, agavins (branched neo-fructans) of short degree of polymerization have shown beneficial effects on the health of both healthy and overweight individuals. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to investigate the potential use of Agave angustifolia agavins on the generation of branched fructooligosacharides (a-FOS). A. angustifolia agavins were hydrolyzed using exo-, endo-inulinase, and a mixture of both (25 and 75%, respectively). Exo- and the inulinase mixture degraded quickly the agavins in relation to endo-inulinase treatment. Only endo-inulinase and the inulinase mixture generated a-FOS formation. Endo-inulinase degraded 31% of agavins, yielding approximately 20% of a-FOS after 48 h, whereas the inulinase mixture hydrolyzed 33% of agavins in just 90 min, but only yielded 10% of a-FOS. These results suggest that agave plants could be an abundant raw material for a-FOS production, which might have a huge prebiotic potential as new branched fructooligosaccharides with many applications in the alimentary and pharmaceutical industry.

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Publication
Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces marxianus cocultures allow reduction of fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides and polyols Levels in whole wheat bread.

Struyf, N., Laurent, J., Verspreet, J., Verstrepen, K. J. & Courtin, C. M. (2017). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, In Press.

Fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) are small molecules that are poorly absorbed in the small intestine and rapidly fermented in the large intestine. There is evidence that a diet low in FODMAPs reduces abdominal symptoms in approximately 70% of the patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome. Wheat contains relatively high fructan levels and is therefore a major source of FODMAPs in our diet. In this study, a yeast-based strategy was developed to reduce FODMAP levels in (whole wheat) bread. Fermentation of dough with an inulinase-secreting Kluyveromyces marxianus strain allowed to reduce fructan levels in the final product by more than 90%, while only 56% reduction was achieved when a control Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain was used. To ensure sufficient CO2 production, cocultures of S. cerevisiae and K. marxianus were prepared. Bread prepared with a coculture of K. marxianus and S. cerevisiae had fructan levels ≤0.2% dm, and a loaf volume comparable with that of control bread. Therefore, this approach is suitable to effectively reduce FODMAP levels in bread.

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Publication

Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation by Streptococcus salivarius FruA.

Ogawa, A., Furukawa, S., Fujita, S., Mitobe, J., Kawarai, T., Narisawa, N., Sekizuka, T., Kuroda, M., Ochiai, K., Ogihara, H., Kosono, S., Yoneda, S., Watanabe, H., Morinaga, Y., Uematsu, H. & Senpuku, H. (2011). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77(5), 1572-1580.

The oral microbial flora consists of many beneficial species of bacteria that are associated with a healthy condition and control the progression of oral disease. Cooperative interactions between oral streptococci and the pathogens play important roles in the development of dental biofilms in the oral cavity. To determine the roles of oral streptococci in multispecies biofilm development and the effects of the streptococci in biofilm formation, the active substances inhibiting Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation were purified from Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 9759 and HT9R culture supernatants using ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry analysis was performed, and the results were compared to databases. The S. salivarius HT9R genome sequence was determined and used to indentify candidate proteins for inhibition. The candidates inhibiting biofilms were identified as S. salivarius fructosyltransferase (FTF) and exo-beta-D-fructosidase (FruA). The activity of the inhibitors was elevated in the presence of sucrose, and the inhibitory effects were dependent on the sucrose concentration in the biofilm formation assay medium. Purified and commercial FruA from Aspergillus niger (31.6% identity and 59.6% similarity to the amino acid sequence of FruA from S. salivarius HT9R) completely inhibited S. mutans GS-5 biofilm formation on saliva-coated polystyrene and hydroxyapatite surfaces. Inhibition was induced by decreasing polysaccharide production, which is dependent on sucrose digestion rather than fructan digestion. The data indicate that S. salivarius produces large quantities of FruA and that FruA alone may play an important role in multispecies microbial interactions for sucrose-dependent biofilm formation in the oral cavity.

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Safety Data Sheet
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