Acetylxylan esterase (Orpinomyces sp.)

Reference code: E-AXEAO-1KU

Content:

1,000 Units

This product has been discontinued

Content: 1,000 Units or 3,000 Units
Shipping Temperature: Ambient
Storage Temperature: 2-8oC
Formulation: In 3.2 M ammonium sulphate
Physical Form: Suspension
Stability: Minimum 1 year at 4oC. Check vial for details.
Enzyme Activity: Esterase
EC Number: 3.1.1.72
CAZy Family: CE6
CAS Number: 188959-24-2,
9000-82-2
Synonyms: acetylxylan esterase
Source: Orpinomyces sp.
Molecular Weight: 34,000
Concentration: E-AXEAO-1KU: Supplied at ~ 1,000 U/mL.
E-AXEAO-3KU: Supplied at ~ 1,000 U/mL.
Expression: Recombinant from Orpinomyces sp.
Specificity: Catalyses the hydrolysis of acetyl groups from polymeric xylan, acetylated xylose, acetylated glucose, α-napthyl acetate and 4-nitrophenyl acetate but not from triacetylglycerol. Does not act on acetylated mannan or pectin.
Specific Activity: ~ 36 U/mg (40oC, pH 6.7 on 4-nitrophenyl acetate)
Unit Definition: One Unit of acetylxylan esterase activity is defined as the amount of enzyme required to release one µmole of p-nitrophenol per minute from 4-nitrophenyl acetate in sodium phosphate buffer (100 mM), pH 6.7 at 40oC.
Temperature Optima: 40oC
pH Optima: 7
Application examples: Applications established in carbohydrate research and biofuel industries.

These products have been discontinued (read more).

High purity recombinant Acetylxylan esterase (Orpinomyces sp.) for use in research, biochemical enzyme assays and in vitro diagnostic analysis.

Data booklets for each pack size are located in the Documents tab.

View other CAZy enzymes.

Publications
Megazyme publication
Positional specifity of acetylxylan esterases on natural polysaccharide: An NMR study.

Uhliariková, I., Vršanská, M., McCleary, B. V. & Biely, P. (2013). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA), 1830(6), 3365–3372.

Background: Microbial degradation of acetylated plant hemicelluloses involves besides enzymes cleaving the glycosidic linkages also deacetylating enzymes. A detailed knowledge of the mode of action of these enzymes is important in view of the development of efficient bioconversion of plant materials that did not undergo alkaline pretreatment leading to hydrolysis of ester linkages. Methods: In this work deacetylation of hardwood acetylglucuronoxylan by acetylxylan esterases from Streptomyces lividans (carbohydrate esterase family 4) and Orpinomyces sp. (carbohydrate esterase family 6) was monitored by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Results: The 1H-NMR resonances of all acetyl groups in the polysaccharide were fully assigned. The targets of both enzymes are 2- and 3-monoacetylated xylopyranosyl residues and, in the case of the Orpinomyces sp. enzyme, also the 2,3-di-O-acetylated xylopyranosyl residues. Both enzymes do not recognize as a substrate the 3-O-acetyl group on xylopyranosyl residues α-1,2-substituted with 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid. Conclusions: The 1H-NMR spectroscopy approach to study positional and substrate specificity of AcXEs outlined in this work appears to be a simple way to characterize catalytic properties of enzymes belonging to various CE families.

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Publication
Action of different types of endoxylanases on eucalyptus xylan in situ.

Puchart, V., Fraňová, L., Krogh, K. B. M., Hoff, T. & Biely, P. (2018). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 1-12.

Most studies of the mode of action of industrially important endoxylanases have been done on alkali extracted-plant xylan. In just few cases, the native form of the polysaccharide, acetylated xylan, was used as a substrate. In this work action of xylanases belonging to three glycoside hydrolase families, GH10, GH11, and GH30 was investigated on acetylglucuronoxylan directly in hardwood cell walls. Powdered eucalyptus wood was used as xylanase substrate. Enzyme-generated fragments were characterized by TLC, MALDI ToF MS, and NMR spectroscopy. All three xylanases generated from eucalyptus wood powder acetylated xylooligosaccharides. Those released by GH10 enzyme were the shortest, and those released by GH30 xylanase were of the largest diversity. For GH30 xylanase the 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid (MeGlcA) side residues function as substrate specificity determinants regardless the acetylation of the neighboring hydroxyl group. Much simpler xylooligosaccharide patterns were observed when xylanases were applied in combination with carbohydrate esterase family 6 acetylxylan esterase. In the presence of the esterase, all aldouronic acids remained 3-O-acetylated on the xylopyranosyl (Xylp) residue substituted with MeGlcA. The 3-O-acetyl group, in contrast to the acetyl groups of otherwise unsubstituted Xylp residues, does not affect the mode of action of endoxylanases, but contributes to recalcitrance of the acidic xylan fragments. The results confirm importance of acetylxylan esterases in microbial degradation of acetylated hardwood glucuronoxylan. They also point to still unresolved question of efficient enzymatic removal of the 3-O-acetyl group on MeGlcA-substituted Xylp residues negatively affecting the saccharification yields.

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Publication
Comprehensive evaluation of combining hydrothermal pretreatment (autohydrolysis) with enzymatic hydrolysis for efficient release of monosaccharides and ferulic acid from corn bran.

Jiang, K., Li, L., Long, L. & Ding, S. (2018). Industrial Crops & Products, 113, 348-357.

The combination of hydrothermal pretreatment (autohydrolysis) and enzymatic hydrolysis was comprehensively evaluated for the efficient release of monosaccharides and ferulic acid from corn bran. Arabinan was depolymerized and solubilized more easily during autohydrolysis compared to xylan, esterified ferulic acid, and the acetyl group. Also, the enzymatic xylose yield showed strong linear correlation with arabinan, ferulic acid, and acetic acid content in autohydrolysis residues while correlations between enzymatic glucose yield and hemicellulose contents were separated into two stages with different slopes. The addition of a few debranching enzymes to commercial cellulase and xylanase only slightly enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of autohydrolysis residues, whereas an enzyme blend from Aspergillus oryzae and Eupenicillium parvum showed a significant synergistic effect. Desirable combined hydrolysis yields of glucose (72.26%), xylose (75.87%), arabinose (76.95%), and ferulic acid (74.13%) were obtained after autohydrolysis at 165°C for 40 min and subsequent hydrolysis by an equal mixture blend produced by A. oryzae and E. parvum at an enzyme loading dosage of 14.1 mg protein/g dry destarched corn bran.

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Publication
A novel acetyl xylan esterase enabling complete deacetylation of substituted xylans.

Razeq, F. M., Jurak, E., Stogios, P. J., Yan, R., Tenkanen, M., Kabel, M. A., Wang, W. & Master, E. R. (2018). Biotechnology for Biofuels, 11(1), 74.

Background: Acetylated 4-O-(methyl)glucuronoxylan (GX) is the main hemicellulose in deciduous hardwood, and comprises a β-(1→4)-linked xylopyranosyl (Xylp) backbone substituted by both acetyl groups and α-(1→2)-linked 4-O-methylglucopyranosyluronic acid (MeGlcpA). Whereas enzymes that target singly acetylated Xylp or doubly 2,3-O-acetyl-Xylp have been well characterized, those targeting (2-O-MeGlcpA)3-O-acetyl-Xylp structures in glucuronoxylan have remained elusive. Results: An unclassified carbohydrate esterase (FjoAcXE) was identified as a protein of unknown function from a polysaccharide utilization locus (PUL) otherwise comprising carbohydrate-active enzyme families known to target xylan. FjoAcXE was shown to efficiently release acetyl groups from internal (2-O-MeGlcpA)3-O-acetyl-Xylp structures, an activity that has been sought after but lacking in known carbohydrate esterases. FjoAcXE action boosted the activity of α-glucuronidases from families GH67 and GH115 by five and nine times, respectively. Moreover, FjoAcXE activity was not only restricted to GX, but also deacetylated (3-O-Araf)2-O-acetyl-Xylp of feruloylated xylooligomers, confirming the broad substrate range of this new carbohydrate esterase. Conclusion: This study reports the discovery and characterization of the novel carbohydrate esterase, FjoAcXE. In addition to cleaving singly acetylated Xylp, and doubly 2,3-O-acetyl-Xylp, FjoAcXE efficiently cleaves internal 3-O-acetyl-Xylp linkages in (2-O-MeGlcpA)3-O-acetyl-Xylp residues along with densely substituted and branched xylooligomers; activities that until now were missing from the arsenal of enzymes required for xylan conversion.

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Publication
Structural characterization of hemicellulose released from corn cob in continuous flow type hydrothermal reactor.

Arai, T., Biely, P., Uhliariková, I., Sato, N., Makishima, S., Mizuno, M., Nozaki, K., Kaneko, S. & Amano, Y. (2018). Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, In Press.

Hydrothermal reaction is known to be one of the most efficient procedures to extract hemicelluloses from lignocellulosic biomass. We investigated the molecular structure of xylooligosaccharides released from corn cob in a continuous flow type hydrothermal reactor designed in our group. The fraction precipitable from the extract with four volumes of ethanol was examined by 1 H-NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF MS before and after enzymatic treatment with different purified enzymes. The released water-soluble hemicellulose was found to correspond to a mixture of wide degree of polymerizationrange of acetylarabinoglucuronoxylan fragments (further as corn cob xylan abbreviated CX). Analysis of enzymatic hydrolyzates of CX with an acetylxylan esterase, GH3 β-xylosidase, GH10 and GH11 xylanases revealed that the main chain contains unsubstituted regions mixed with regions of xylopyranosyl residues partially acetylated and occasionally substituted by 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid and arabinofuranose esterified with ferulic or coumaric acid. Single 2- and 3-O-acetylation was accompanied by 2,3-di-O-acetylation and 3-O-acetylation of Xylp residues substituted with MeGlcA. Most of the non-esterified arabinofuranose side residues were lost during the hydrodynamic process. Despite reduced branching, the acetylation and ferulic acid modification of pentose residues contribute to high yields and high solubility of the extracted CX. It is also shown that different enzyme treatments of CX may lead to various types of xylooligosaccharides of different biomedical potential.

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Publication
CE16 on acetyl-4-O-methylglucuronoxylan and acetyl-galactoglucomannan.

Mai-Gisondi, G., Maaheimo, H., Chong, S. L., Hinz, S., Tenkanen, M. & Master, E. (2017). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, 1861(9), 2398-2405.

Background: The backbone structure of many hemicelluloses is acetylated, which presents a challenge when the objective is to convert corresponding polysaccharides to fermentable sugars or else recover hemicelluloses for biomaterial applications. Carbohydrate esterases (CE) can be harnessed to overcome these challenges. Methods: Enzymes from different CE families, MtAcE (CE1), OsAcXE (CE6), and MtAcE (CE16) were compared based on action and position preference towards acetyl-4-O-methylglucuronoxylan (MGX) and acetyl-galactoglucomannan (GGM). To determine corresponding positional preferences, the relative rate of acetyl group released by each enzyme was analyzed by real time 1H NMR. Results: AnAcXE (CE1) showed lowest specific activity towards MGX, where OsAcXE (CE6) and MtAcE were approximately four times more active than AnAcXE (CE1). MtAcE (CE16) was further distinguished by demonstrating 100 times higher activity on GGM compared to AnAcXE (CE1) and OsAcXE (CE6), and five times higher activity on GGM than MGX. Following 24 h incubation, all enzymes removed between 78 to 93% of total acetyl content from MGX and GGM, where MtAcE performed best on both substrates. Major Conclusions: Considering action on MGX, all esterases showed preference for doubly substituted xylopyranosyl residues (2,3-O-acetyl-Xylp). Considering action on GGM, OsAcXE (CE6) preferentially targeted 2-O-acetyl-mannopyranosyl residues (2-O-acetyl-Manp) whereas AnAcXE (CE1) demonstrated highest activity towards 3-O-acetyl-Manp positions; regiopreference of MtAcE (CE16) on GGM was less clear. General significance: The current comparative analysis identifies options to control the position of acetyl group release at initial stages of reaction, and enzyme combinations likely to accelerate deacetylation of major hemicellulose sources.

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Publication
Enzymatic Systems for Cellulose Acetate Degradation.

Haske-Cornelius, O., Pellis, A., Tegl, G., Wurz, S., Saake, B., Ludwig, R., Sebastian, A., Gibson S. Nyanhongo, G. S. & Guebitz, G. M. (2017). Catalysts, 7(10), 287.

Cellulose acetate (CA)-based materials, like cigarette filters, contribute to landscape pollution challenging municipal authorities and manufacturers. This study investigates the potential of enzymes to degrade CA and to be potentially incorporated into the respective materials, enhancing biodegradation. Deacetylation studies based on Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Time of Flight (LC-MS-TOF), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and spectrophotometric analysis showed that the tested esterases were able to deacetylate the plasticizer triacetin (glycerol triacetate) and glucose pentaacetate (cellulose acetate model compound). The most effective esterases for deacetylation belong to the enzyme family 2 (AXE55, AXE 53, GAE), they deacetylated CA with a degree of acetylation of up to 1.8. A combination of esterases and cellulases showed synergistic effects, the absolute glucose recovery for CA 1.8 was increased from 15% to 28% when an enzymatic deacetylation was performed. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO), and cellobiohydrolase were able to cleave cellulose acetates with a degree of acetylation of up to 1.4, whereas chitinase showed no activity. In general, the degree of substitution, chain length, and acetyl group distribution were found to affect CA degradation. This study shows that, for a successful enzyme-based deacetylation system, a cocktail of enzymes, which will randomly cleave and generate shorter CA fragments, is the most suitable.

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