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Acetaldehyde Assay Kit

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00:05  Introduction
01:01   Principle
01:33   Reagent Preparation
02:49   Procedure
07:34   Calculations

Acetaldehyde Assay Kit K-ACHYD Scheme
   
Product code: K-ACHYD
€168.00

50 assays (manual) / 500 assays (microplate) / 500 assays (auto-analyser)

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Content: 50 assays (manual) / 500 assays (microplate) / 500 assays (auto-analyser)
Shipping Temperature: Ambient
Storage Temperature: Short term stability: 2-8oC,
Long term stability: See individual component labels
Stability: > 6 months under recommended storage conditions
Analyte: Acetaldehyde
Assay Format: Spectrophotometer, Microplate, Auto-analyser
Detection Method: Absorbance
Wavelength (nm): 340
Signal Response: Increase
Linear Range: 0.5 to 20 µg of acetaldehyde per assay
Limit of Detection: 0.18 mg/L
Reaction Time (min): ~ 4 min
Application examples: Wine, champagne, beer, liqueurs, brandy, dairy products (e.g. yogurt), bread, fruit juices, soft drinks, cocoa, vegetable and fruit products, coffee, and other materials (e.g. biological cultures, samples, etc.).
Method recognition: Methods based on this principle have been accepted by MEBAK

The Acetaldehyde test kit is a simple, reliable and accurate method for the measurement and analysis of acetaldehyde in beverages and foodstuffs.

Note for Content: The number of manual tests per kit can be doubled if all volumes are halved.  This can be readily accommodated using the MegaQuantTM  Wave Spectrophotometer (D-MQWAVE).

View our full range of assay kits.

Scheme-K-ACHYD K-ACHYD Megazyme

Advantages
  • Extended cofactors stability. Dissolved cofactors stable for > 1 year at 4oC.
  • No wasted aldehyde dehydrogenase solution (stable suspension supplied) 
  • Very competitive price (cost per test) 
  • All reagents stable for > 2 years after preparation 
  • Simple format 
  • Mega-Calc™ software tool is available from our website for hassle-free raw data processing 
  • Standard included 
  • Suitable for manual, microplate and auto-analyser formats
Documents
Certificate of Analysis
Safety Data Sheet
FAQs Assay Protocol Data Calculator Product Performance Validation Report
Publications
Megazyme publication

Megazyme “advanced” wine test kits general characteristics and validation.

Charnock, S. J., McCleary, B. V., Daverede, C. & Gallant, P. (2006). Reveue des Oenologues, 120, 1-5.

Many of the enzymatic test kits are official methods of prestigious organisations such as the Association of Official Analytical Chemicals (AOAC) and the American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC) in response to the interest from oenologists. Megazyme decided to use its long history of enzymatic bio-analysis to make a significant contribution to the wine industry, by the development of a range of advanced enzymatic test kits. This task has now been successfully completed through the strategic and comprehensive process of identifying limitations of existing enzymatic bio-analysis test kits where they occurred, and then using advanced techniques, such as molecular biology (photo 1), to rapidly overcome them. Novel test kits have also been developed for analytes of emerging interest to the oenologist, such as yeast available nitrogen (YAN; see pages 2-3 of issue 117 article), or where previously enzymes were simply either not available, or were too expensive to employ, such as for D-mannitol analysis.

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Megazyme publication

Grape and wine analysis: Oenologists to exploit advanced test kits.

Charnock, S. C. & McCleary, B. V. (2005). Revue des Enology, 117, 1-5.

It is without doubt that testing plays a pivotal role throughout the whole of the vinification process. To produce the best possible quality wine and to minimise process problems such as “stuck” fermentation or troublesome infections, it is now recognised that if possible testing should begin prior to harvesting of the grapes and continue through to bottling. Traditional methods of wine analysis are often expensive, time consuming, require either elaborate equipment or specialist expertise and frequently lack accuracy. However, enzymatic bio-analysis enables the accurate measurement of the vast majority of analytes of interest to the wine maker, using just one piece of apparatus, the spectrophotometer (see previous issue No. 116 for a detailed technical review). Grape juice and wine are amenable to enzymatic testing as being liquids they are homogenous, easy to manipulate, and can generally be analysed without any sample preparation.

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Publication

Acetaldehyde via CGRP receptor and TRPA1 in Schwann cells mediates ethanol-evoked periorbital mechanical allodynia in mice: relevance for migraine.

Landini, L., Souza Monteiro de Araujo, D., Chieca, M., De Siena, G., Bellantoni, E., Geppetti, P., Naasini, R. & De Logu, F. (2023). Journal of Biomedical Science30(1), 1-12.

Background: Ingestion of alcoholic beverages is a known trigger of migraine attacks. However, whether and how ethanol exerts its pro-migraine action remains poorly known. Ethanol stimulates the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel, and its dehydrogenized metabolite, acetaldehyde, is a known TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) agonist. Methods: Periorbital mechanical allodynia following systemic ethanol and acetaldehyde was investigated in mice after TRPA1 and TRPV1 pharmacological antagonism and global genetic deletion. Mice with selective silencing of the receptor activated modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), a component of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor, in Schwann cells or TRPA1 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons or Schwann cells, were used after systemic ethanol and acetaldehyde. Results: We show in mice that intragastric ethanol administration evokes a sustained periorbital mechanical allodynia that is attenuated by systemic or local alcohol dehydrogenase inhibition, and TRPA1, but not TRPV1, global deletion, thus indicating the implication of acetaldehyde. Systemic (intraperitoneal) acetaldehyde administration also evokes periorbital mechanical allodynia. Importantly, periorbital mechanical allodynia by both ethanol and acetaldehyde is abrogated by pretreatment with the CGRP receptor antagonist, olcegepant, and a selective silencing of RAMP1 in Schwann cells. Periorbital mechanical allodynia by ethanol and acetaldehyde is also attenuated by cyclic AMP, protein kinase A, and nitric oxide inhibition and pretreatment with an antioxidant. Moreover, selective genetic silencing of TRPA1 in Schwann cells or DRG neurons attenuated periorbital mechanical allodynia by ethanol or acetaldehyde. Conclusions: Results suggest that, in mice, periorbital mechanical allodynia, a response that mimics cutaneous allodynia reported during migraine attacks, is elicited by ethanol via the systemic production of acetaldehyde that, by releasing CGRP, engages the CGRP receptor in Schwann cells. The ensuing cascade of intracellular events results in a Schwann cell TRPA1-dependent oxidative stress generation that eventually targets neuronal TRPA1 to signal allodynia from the periorbital area.

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Publication

Zinc-glutathione in Chinese Baijiu prevents alcohol-associated liver injury.

Feng, Y., Liu, W., Ba, T., Luo, Z., Ma, Y., Tang, G. & Kang, Y. J. (2023). Heliyon, 9(2).

Zinc depletion is associated with alcohol-associated liver injury. We tested the hypothesis that increasing zinc availability along with alcohol consumption prevents alcohol-associated liver injury. Zinc-glutathione (ZnGSH) was synthesized and directly added to Chinese Baijiu. Mice were administered a single gastric dose of 6 g/kg ethanol in Chinese Baijiu with or without ZnGSH. ZnGSH in Chinese Baijiu did not change the likeness of the drinkers but significantly reduced the recovery time from drunkenness along with elimination of high-dose mortality. ZnGSH in Chinese Baijiu decreased serum AST and ALT, suppressed steatosis and necrosis, and increased zinc and GSH concentrations in the liver. It also increased alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase in the liver, stomach, and intestine and reduced acetaldehyde in the liver. Thus, ZnGSH in Chinese Baijiu prevents alcohol-associated liver injury by increasing alcohol metabolism timely with alcohol consumption, providing an alternative approach to the management of alcohol-associated drinking.

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Publication

Sulphate Uptake Plays a Major Role in the Production of Sulphur Dioxide by Yeast Cells during Oenological Fermentations.

Granuzzo, S., Righetto, F., Peggion, C., Bosaro, M., Frizzarin, M., Antoniali, P., Sartori, G. & Lopreiato, R. (2023). Fermentation9(3), 280.

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is mostly used as an antioxidant additive in winemaking, but excessive levels may be harmful to both wine quality and consumers health. During fermentation, yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae contributes significantly to final SO2 levels, and low-producing strains become especially interesting for the wine industry. Recent evidence implicating the impairment of sulphate transport in the SO2 decrease prompted us to further investigate the sulphate/sulphite metabolic connection in multiple winery yeast strains. Here, we inactivated by CRISPR/Cas9 the high-affinity sulphate permeases (Sul1p and Sul2p) in four strains normally used in winemaking, selected by their different abilities to produce SO2. Mutant strains were then used to perform fermentation assays in different types of natural must, and the final levels of SO2 and other secondary metabolites, crucial for wine organoleptic properties, were further determined for all fermentation products. Overall, data demonstrated the double ΔSUL1/ΔSUL2 inactivation in winery strains significantly decreases the levels of SO2 produced by mutant cells, without however altering both yeast fermentative properties and the ability to release relevant metabolites. Since similar effects were observed in diverse must types for strains with different features, the data strongly support that sulphate assimilation is the determining factor in SO2 production during oenological fermentations.

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Publication

Effect of herbal extracts and supplement mixture on alcohol metabolism in Sprague Dawley-rats.

Choe, H., Yun, I., Kim, Y., Lee, J. H., Shin, H. A., Lee, Y. K. & Kim, M. Y. (2022). Journal of Food Science and Technology, 1-9.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of mixture of herbal extracts and supplementary formula (FNP-C) on hangovers and antioxidant enzymes in alcohol-induced liver damage in rats. HepG2 cells were used as the experimental cells and divided into five groups: non-treated control (normal), alcohol-induced control (control), mixture of herbal extracts (FNP-B), FNP-C, and a commercial treatment of liver diseases (Livers®); inhibition of detoxification and alcohol-induced damage was confirmed in vivo. Blood alcohol and acetaldehyde concentration after alcohol consumption were measured in a timely manner; alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), glutathione transferase (GST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were measured in the liver. FNP-C exhibited the highest effect. When FNP-C was administered to alcohol-induced animals, blood alcohol and acetaldehyde concentration decreased compared to FNP-B and Livers®. FNP-C reduced ADH levels and improved LDH, GSH, GST, and SOD levels. The FNP-C group was effective in preventing alcohol-induced hangovers and liver damage. Thus, FNP-C improves hangovers and increases antioxidant activity in an alcohol-induced model. Adding amino acids and vitamins to natural ingredients can potentially enhance the effect of improving hangovers.

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Publication

Production of Bioactive Substances to Alleviates Hangover and Ethanol-Induced Liver Damage through Fermentation of Oenanthe javanica Using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum.

Gam, D. H., Park, J. H., Kim, S. H., Kang, M. H., Kim, S. B. & Kim, J. W. (2022). Molecules, 27(4), 1175.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of the bioconversion products of Oenanthe javanica extract fermented by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (OEFL) on relieving hangovers and improving liver function. In addition, the bioactive substance of the OEFL, which alleviates hangover and ethanol-induced liver damage, was identified and its bioactive property was verified through in vivo experiments. In major substances analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography, OEFL produced 9.5-fold higher p-coumaric acid than the O. Javanica extract (OE). In addition, considering that quinic acid, which is not present in the OE, was produced in the OEFL it was confirmed that chlorogenic acid was decomposed into quinic acid by bioconversion. In the in vivo experiment using Sprague-Dawley rats, the OEFL and p-coumaric acid diets reduced blood ethanol, acetaldehyde, GPT, and ALP concentrations, increasing blood albumin concentrations compared to ethanol-administered groups, demonstrating that OEFL and p-coumaric acid, the main substance in the OEFL, improved ethanol-induced liver damage. Furthermore, the OEFL and its main bioactive substance, p-coumaric acid, alleviated liver fibrosis by downregulating TGF-β, SMAD-2, SMAD-4, α-SMA, and upregulating MMP-1. Therefore, OEFL is expected to be used as a functional food or pharmaceutical material as it has been confirmed to effectively relieve hangovers, prevent liver damage, and delay liver fibrosis in ethanol-induced liver damages.

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Publication

Impact of microoxygenation on Pinot noir wines with different initial phenolic content.

Yang, Y., Deed, R. C., Araujo, L. D. & Kilmartin, P. A. (2021). OENO One, 55(4), 83-100.

Microoxygenation (MOX) is used to improve wine colour and sensory quality; however, limited information is available for Pinot noir wines and wines with different initial phenolic content. In this study, MOX was applied to two Pinot noir wines, with either a low or a high phenolic content, at two doses (0.50 and 2.11 mg/L/day) for 14 days. With the sterile filtration applied, acetaldehyde formation during MOX was very low, supporting the influence of yeast on acetaldehyde production during MOX. The MOX dosage rate did not significantly affect colour development, while the Pinot noir wine with higher phenolics benefited more from MOX, significantly increasing colour intensity and SO2 resistant (polymeric) pigments. However, these changes did not guarantee colour stability, as a final SO2 addition (100 mg/L) largely erased the improvement to colour in all wines. This could be due to the lower acetaldehyde formation, thus less ethyl-bridged stable pigments resistant to SO2 bleaching. MOX also decreased the flavan-3-ols and anthocyanin monomers, which differed between the two Pinot noir wines, reflecting the initial phenolic content. Lastly, MOX generally increased the measured tannin concentration and affected the proportion of tannin subunits, with a decrease in tannin mass conversion and proportion of (-)-epigallocatechin extension units. Some of these changes in phenolic compounds could potentially increase astringency, suggesting that MOX should be applied to Pinot noir and other low phenolic wines with caution.

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Publication

Ethanologenesis and respiration in a pyruvate decarboxylase-deficient Zymomonas mobilis.

Rutkis, R., Strazdina, I., Lasa, Z., Bruheim, P. & Kalnenieks, U. (2021). BMC Research Notes, 14(1), 1-6.

Zymomonas mobilis is an alpha-proteobacterium with a rapid ethanologenic pathway, involving Entner-Doudoroff (E-D) glycolysis, pyruvate decarboxylase (Pdc) and two alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isoenzymes. Pyruvate is the end-product of the E-D pathway and the substrate for Pdc. Construction and study of Pdc-deficient strains is of key importance for Z. mobilis metabolic engineering, because the pyruvate node represents the central branching point, most novel pathways divert from ethanol synthesis. In the present work, we examined the aerobic metabolism of a strain with partly inactivated Pdc.

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Publication

The Impact of Chitosan on the Chemical Composition of Wines Fermented with Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Scansani, S., Rauhut, D., Brezina, S., Semmler, H. & Benito, S. (2020). Foods, 9(10), 1423.

This study investigates the influence of the antimicrobial agent chitosan on a selected Schizosaccharomyces pombe strain during the alcoholic fermentation of ultra-pasteurized grape juice with a high concentration of malic acid. It also studies a selected Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain as a control. The study examines several parameters relating to wine quality, including volatile and non-volatile compounds. The principal aim of the study is to test the influence of chitosan on the final chemical composition of the wine during alcoholic fermentation, and to compare the two studied fermentative yeasts between them. The results show that chitosan influences the final concentration of acetic acid, ethanol, glycerol, acetaldehyde, pyruvic acid, α-ketoglutarate, higher alcohols, acetate esters, ethyl esters, and fatty acids, depending on the yeast species.

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Publication

Application of combining ozone and UV-C sterilizations in the artificial drying of persimmon fruits.

Chen, X., Liu, B., Chen, Q., Liu, Y. & Duan, X. (2020). LWT, 134, 110205.

China has a large market for dried persimmon fruits, but mold and sulfur dioxide (SO2) residue have become serious potential consumer health risks. To reduce these risks, the adopted ozone and/or UV-C sterilization methods were applied; however, these methods had low effectiveness due to lack of sterilization condition optimization based on the drying process. In this study, bacteria and fungi strains were identified and optimal ozone and/or UV-C conditions were selected by treating predominant strains. Results show that Curtobacterium, Luteibacter, Rhodotorula, Penicillium, and Aspergillus were the predominant microorganisms in the whole artificial drying process, and drying at 36 and 72 h were found to effectively influence the quantity of microorganism contamination. Comparing the mortalities of microorganism revealed that the sterilization of combining ozone with UV-C was superior to the individual utilization of ozone or UV-C. Moreover, the physic-chemical results of the dried persimmon fruits suggested that this non-thermal sterilization could alleviate astringency, but hadn't significant effects on other properties, including color, moisture content, water activity, and protopectin. Therefore, these optimal conditions could potentially enhance the production of dried persimmon fruits.

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Publication

Natural herbal extract complex induces the degradation of alcohol and acetaldehyde and reduces the breath alcohol concentration.

Hwang, J. H. & Kim, M. Y. (2020). The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology, 6(3), 381-392.

This study is purposed to check up the natural 12 kinds of herbal extracts suitable for hangover and based on the results of contents of phenolic compounds, ABTS radical scavenging activity, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Selected 8 kinds of herbal extracts are blended according to the efficacy and the pearson's correlation between each content and activity. C. sinensis var. sinensis, P. densiflora Gnarl and P. lobata Ohwi showed excellent ADH activity, P. lobata Ohwi had a strong correlation between the content and efficacy, and C. sinensis var. sinensis, P. densiflora Gnarl had a negative correlation. Through the ADH and ALDH activity test of F.1 to F.7, the F.7 showed the highest synergic effect and selected as an optimal formulation. F.7 intake-group, the breath alcohol concentration was significantly reduced to 58% after 30 minutes and 27% after 120 minutes, compared to right after alcohol consumption. After alcohol consumption, there was a significant improvement effect (p<0.05) in tired and thirst in the intake group compared to the non-intake group.

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Publication

Protective effects of Ligularia fischeri and Aronia melanocarpa extracts on alcoholic liver disease (in vitro and in vivo study).

Pyun, C. W., Seo, T. S., Kim, D. J., Kim, T. W. & Bae, J. S. (2020). BioMed Research International, 2020.

Hepatic protective effects of Ligularia fischeri (LF) and Aronia melanocarpa (AM) against alcohol were investigated in vitro and in vivo test. LF, AM, and those composed mixing material (LF+AM) were treated in HepG2 cell. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activities were significantly increased in each singleness extract and mixed composite. The protective effect on alcoholic liver damage was investigated by animal models. Serum alcohol level and acetaldehyde level were significantly decreased by LF+AM treatment in acute experimental model. In the chronic mouse model study, we had found that the increased plasma liver damage index (alkaline phosphatase) by alcohol treatment was declined by oral administration of LF+AM extraction composite. As well as, it was identified that the protection effect was induced by increasing catalase activity and suppressing COX-2, TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6 mRNA expressions. CYP2E1 mRNA expression was also increased. These results suggest that oral ingestion of LF and AM mixed composite is able to protect liver against alcohol-induced injury by increasing alcohol metabolism activity and antioxidant system along with decreasing inflammatory responses.

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Publication

Protective effects of Gymnaster koraiensis extract on ethanol-induced fatty liver in rats.

Choe, S. Y., Seo, Y., Bang, C. Y., Woo, S. H. & Kang, M. (2020). Advances in Traditional Medicine, 1-9.

Use of chronic alcohol produces alcoholic liver disease, with relationship of the beginning of abnormal lipid metabolism. Recent studies show that abnormal cholesterol metabolism has a specific role in the pathological cause of alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gymnaster koraiensis (GK), a worthy perennial Korean wild plant has specific polyacetylene compounds. Many researches have presented that GK has many pharmacological properties, such as oxidation prevention, liver protection, and inflammation prevention. However, the conservative effect of GK on alcoholic fatty liver has not been researched so far. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly separated to normal feeding (fed a normal feeding for 4 weeks) and ethanol feeding (ED) groups. Rats in the ED group were administered a Lieber-DeCarli liquid feeding (containing 6.7% ethanol) and administered GK extract (125, 250, or 500 mg/kg/day), silymarin (200 mg/kg/day), or no treatment for 4 weeks. Each treatment group contained six rats. The administration with GK decreased serum levels of triglycerides, alcohol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase, while increased serum level of adiponectin and activity of alcohol dehydrogenase. In alcohol-triggered fatty liver, GK decreased total cholesterol and fatty acid synthase, while increased catalase and superoxide dismutase. Alterations in liver histology, as assessed by H&E staining, showed that the GK treatment decreased amass of lipids in liver. These results present that GK extract may be potential therapeutic agent for alcoholic fatty liver disease by preventing fatty acid synthesis and activating anti-oxidation enzymes, while in activating alcohol degradation in ethanol-triggered fatty liver.

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Publication

Effect of single‐dose, oral enzymatic porcine placental extract on pharmacokinetics of alcohol and liver function in rats.

Kim, H. J., Kim, S., Seo, J. S., Bae, G. W., Kim, K. N. & Kang, J. S. (2020). Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 44(5), 1018-1024.

Background: Human placenta extract (HPE) has been used to treat a number of liver diseases. Porcine placenta is relatively safe and has been reported to have similar immune effects to HPE and used as its alternative. This study evaluates the effect of enzymatic porcine placental extract (EPPE, Uni‐Placenta®) on alcohol pharmacokinetics in rat. Methods: This study was designed to determine the effect of single‐dose EPPE on the pharmacokinetics of alcohol and liver function. Results were based on serum alcohol and acetaldehyde concentrations and activities of hepatic and gastric ADH and ALDH in rats. Results: The hepatic ADH in alcohol group was significantly increased and it may be enzyme‐induction by alcohol. The hepatic ALDH and gastric ADH were not changed, but gastric ALDH was significantly decreased only in the high‐dose EPPE group. In the alcohol pharmacokinetics parameters, the AUC was 44.5 mM∙h in the alcohol group. Otherwise, AUCs of low, middle, high, and silymarin groups were significantly decreased. Cmax was reached at 1 hour and then gradually decreased to 63% and 43% in the middle and high groups at 3 hours, respectively, and to 92% in the low groups. The pharmacokinetics and serum concentrations of acetaldehyde showed no differences between EPPE groups except the silymarin group. No histologic changes were seen in any group. Conclusions: The single‐dose EPPE (0.5 to 2.5 g/kg) suppressed absorption of alcohol in the gastrointestinal tract. This may be useful in preventing hangover effects and toxicity after drinking alcohol and may also preserve liver health after alcohol ingestion.

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Safety Information
Symbol : GHS07
Signal Word : Warning
Hazard Statements : H315, H319
Precautionary Statements : P264, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P321, P337+P313
Safety Data Sheet
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